Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique capable of providing fingerprint-type information on biochemical molecules. For the early detection of cancer, highly sensitive and specific biomarkers are needed. Particularly, biomarkers in biofluids can be useful in reflecting the early presence of cancer in the body.

Waterborne diseases pose major challenges in developing countries. The World Health Organization estimates that 90.0% of the 2.3 million people who die annually due to waterborne diseases come from developing countries. At the same time fluorosis occurrence in the world’s geological fluoride belts has left many people maimed due to drinking highly fluoridated water. This work is in two parts.

Solid waste disposal has grown into a prominent problem in most developing countries arising
from population growth and urbanization in the cities. Municipal authorities who are responsible
in enforcing existing by-laws appear not to have the capacity to tackle the worsening situation of
waste. The purpose of the study was to look at the locals' knowledge, attitudes, and practices
around management of solid waste in Eastleigh, Nairobi County. Choosing Eastleigh as the